The United Irishmen Rebellion and the Act of Union 17911803 Book Review

Acts of the Parliaments of Great Britain and Republic of ireland which united those two Kingdoms

United Kingdom legislation

Parliament of Ireland
Long title	An Act for the Matrimony of Great Great britain and Ireland
Commendation	40 Geo. three c.38
Introduced by	John Toler[1]
Dates
Royal assent	1 August 1800
Commencement	1 January 1801
Status: Amended
Revised text of statute as amended

The Acts of Union 1800 (sometimes incorrectly referred to equally a single 'Act of Union 1801')^{[ citation needed ]} were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great United kingdom and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Groovy Uk and the Kingdom of Republic of ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Swell Great britain and Ireland. The acts came into force on one Jan 1801, and the merged Parliament of the U.k. had its first meeting on 22 January 1801.

Both acts remain in forcefulness, with amendments and some Manufactures repealed, in the U.k.,^[2] just have been repealed in their entirety in The Democracy of Ireland^[three] to whatever extent they might have been law in the new nation at all.

Name [edit]

Two acts were passed in 1800 with the same long title, An Act for the Union of Bully Great britain and Ireland. The short title of the act of the British Parliament is Matrimony with Ireland Act 1800, assigned by the Brusque Titles Deed 1896. The short title of the act of the Irish Parliament is Act of Union (Ireland) 1800, assigned past a 1951 deed of the Parliament of Northern Republic of ireland, and hence non effective in the Ireland, where information technology was referred to by its long title when repealed in 1962.

Background [edit]

Before these Acts, Ireland had been in personal union with England since 1541, when the Irish Parliament had passed the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, proclaiming Male monarch Henry 8 of England to be King of Ireland. Since the twelfth century, the King of England had been technical overlord of the Lordship of Ireland, a papal possession. Both the Kingdoms of Ireland and England subsequently came into personal union with that of Scotland upon the Union of the Crowns in 1603.

In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were united into a single kingdom: the Kingdom of Great U.k.. Upon that union, each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne, praying that, "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more comprehensive Union".^[4] The Irish Parliament was both before so subject area to a certain restrictions that made information technology subordinate to the Parliament of England and later then, to the Parliament of Great Britain; nevertheless, Ireland gained effective legislative independence from Keen Uk through the Constitution of 1782.

By this time access to institutional power in Ireland was restricted to a small minority: the Anglo-Irish of the Protestant Ascendancy. Frustration at the lack of reform among the Catholic majority eventually led, along with other reasons, to a rebellion in 1798, involving a French invasion of Ireland and the seeking of complete independence from Smashing Britain. This rebellion was crushed with much bloodshed, and the move for union was motivated at least in part by the belief that the rebellion was exacerbated every bit much by brutally reactionary loyalists equally past United Irishmen (anti-unionists).^{[ citation needed ]}

Furthermore, Catholic emancipation was being discussed in Slap-up U.k., and fears that a newly enfranchised Catholic majority would drastically modify the character of the Irish government and parliament also contributed to a desire from London to merge the Parliaments.^{[ citation needed ]}

According to historian James Stafford, an Enlightenement critique of Empire in Ireland laid the intellectual foundations for the Acts of Spousal relationship. He writes that Enlighnenment thinkers connected "the exclusion of the Irish Kingdom from free participation in imperial and European trade with the exclusion of its Catholic subjects, nether the terms of the 'Penal Laws', from the benefits of property and political representation." These critiques were used to justify a parliamentary union betwixt Britain and Republic of ireland.^[v]

Name	Flag	Population	Population (%)	Surface area (km²)	Surface area (%)	Popular. density (per km²)
Kingdom of Not bad Britain		10,500,000	65%	230,977	73%	45.46
Kingdom of Republic of ireland		5,500,000	35%	84,421	27%	65.15
United Kingdom		16,000,000	100%	315,093	100%	l.78

Passage [edit]

Complementary acts had to be passed in the Parliament of U.k. and in the Parliament of Ireland.

The Parliament of Ireland had recently gained a large measure of legislative independence under the Constitution of 1782. Many members of the Irish Parliament jealously guarded that autonomy (notably Henry Grattan), and a motion for wedlock was legally rejected in 1799. Just Anglicans were permitted to become members of the Parliament of Ireland though the great bulk of the Irish population were Roman Catholic, with many Presbyterians in Ulster. In 1793 Roman Catholics regained the right to vote if they owned or rented property worth £ii annually. Wealthy Catholics were strongly in favour of union in the hope for rapid religious emancipation and the right to sit down as MPs, which came to pass only well after the religiously divisive Napoleonic Wars, namely nether the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829.

From the perspective of Uk'southward elites, the union was desirable considering of the doubtfulness that followed the Irish gaelic Rebellion of 1798 and the French Revolution of 1789; if Ireland adopted Catholic emancipation willingly or not, a Roman Catholic Parliament could suspension abroad from Great britain and marry with the French, but the aforementioned measure inside the United Kingdom would exclude that possibility. Also the Irish and British Parliaments in creating a regency during King George III's "madness", gave the Prince Regent different powers. These considerations led U.k. to determine to endeavour the merger of both kingdoms and Parliaments.

The final passage of the Act in the Irish Commons turned on an about 16% relative majority, garnering 58% of the votes, and similar in the Irish Lords, in office per contemporary accounts through blackmail with the awarding of peerages and honours to critics to get votes.^[6] The get-go attempt had been defeated in the Irish Firm of Commons by 109 votes to 104, but the second vote in 1800 passed by 158 to 115.^[six]

Provisions [edit]

The Acts of Union were ii complementary Acts, namely:

• The Union with Ireland Human activity 1800 (39 & 40 Geo. three c. 67),^[7] an Act of the Parliament of Britain, and
• The Act of Matrimony (Republic of ireland) 1800 (40 Geo. iii c. 38),^[viii] an Act of the Parliament of Ireland.

They were passed on 2 July 1800 and i Baronial 1800 respectively, and came into strength on 1 January 1801. They ratified viii articles which had been previously agreed by the British and Irish gaelic parliaments:

• Articles I–IV dealt with the political aspects of the Union. Information technology created a united parliament.
  • In the House of Lords, the existing members of the Parliament of Cracking U.k. were joined past, as Lords Spiritual, 4 bishops of the Church of Republic of ireland, rotating amongst the dioceses in each session and as Lords Temporal 28 representative peers elected for life by the Peerage of Ireland.
  • The House of Commons was to include the pre-union representation from Great britain and 100 members from Ireland.

• Article V united the established Church of England and Church of Republic of ireland into "one Protestant Episcopal Church building, to exist called, The United Church of England and Republic of ireland"; simply also confirmed the independence of the Church building of Scotland.
• Article Vi created a customs union, with the exception that customs duties on sure British and Irish gaelic goods passing between the two countries would remain for 10 years (a consequence of having trade depressed past the ongoing state of war with revolutionary France). Parts of this Commodity as information technology applied to the Britain were "impliedly repealed" by the passage of the Eu (Withdrawal) Act 2020.^{[9] [a]}
• Article VII stated that Ireland would have to contribute two-seventeenths towards the expenditure of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. The figure was a ratio of Irish to British foreign merchandise.
• Article 8 formalised the legal and judicial aspects of the Marriage.

Part of the attraction of the Spousal relationship for many Irish Catholics was the promise of Cosmic Emancipation, assuasive Roman Catholic MPs, who had not been allowed in the Irish Parliament. This was however blocked past Rex George Three who argued that emancipating Roman Catholics would breach his Coronation Adjuration, and was not realised until 1829.

The traditionally split up Irish Regular army, which had been funded by the Irish Parliament, was merged into the larger British Army.

The offset parliament [edit]

In the first Parliament of the United Kingdom of Corking Britain and Republic of ireland, the members of the House of Commons were not elected afresh. By royal proclamation authorised by the Human action, all the members of the terminal Firm of Commons from U.k. took seats in the new House, and from Ireland 100 members were chosen from the terminal Irish House of Commons: two members from each of the 32 counties and from the two largest boroughs, and one from each of the next 31 boroughs (called by lot) and from Dublin University. The other 84 Irish gaelic parliamentary boroughs were disfranchised; all were pocket boroughs, whose patrons received £15,000 compensation for the loss of what was considered their holding.

Flags [edit]

The Wedlock Flag, created as a upshot of the union of the Kingdom of Keen U.k. and Ireland in 1800, still remains the flag of the Great britain. Called the Spousal relationship Flag, it combined the flags of St George's Cross (which was accounted to include Wales) and the St Andrew's Saltire of Scotland with the St Patrick's Saltire to represent Ireland (it now represents Northern Republic of ireland). At the aforementioned fourth dimension, the moribund English claims to the French throne were given upwardly, so the fleur-de-lis were removed from the Purple Standard of the Great britain.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Neb 4098: For the matrimony of Neat Great britain and Ireland". Irish Legislation Database. Belfast: Queen's University. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
2. ^ From legislation.gov.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland:
   • "Act of Union (Ireland) 1800". Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved two November 2017.
   • "Matrimony with Ireland Act 1800". Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
3. ^ From Irish Statute Volume:
   • "Statute Police Revision (Pre-Matrimony Irish Statutes) Act, 1962, Schedule". Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 2 Nov 2017.
   • "Statute Law Revision Act, 1983, Schedule Part III: English and British Statutes Extended to Ireland, 1495-1800". Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 2 Nov 2017.
4. ^ Journals of the Irish Eatables, vol. iii. p. 421
5. ^ Stafford, James (2022), "The Enlightenment Critique of Empire in Ireland, c. 1750–1776", The Instance of Ireland: Commerce, Empire and the European Society, 1750–1848, Cambridge University Press, pp. 23–58, ISBN978-one-009-03345-9
6. ^ ^{a b} Alan J. Ward, The Irish Ramble Tradition p.28.
7. ^ "Spousal relationship with Republic of ireland Act 1800". No. (39 & 40 Geo. iii c. 67)of2 July 1800 . Retrieved 6 September 2015. Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ "Act of Wedlock (Ireland) 1800". No. (xl Geo. 3 c. 38)ofane Baronial 1800 . Retrieved 6 September 2015. Archived 17 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ "Brexit: NI Protocol is lawful, High Court rules". BBC News. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on thirty June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
10. ^ Erwin, Alan (29 Nov 2021). "NI Protocol conflicts with Acts of Union, courtroom told during legal challenge from unionists". Belfast Telegraph. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)

Sources [edit]

Primary

• Acts of Union – complete original text
• Text of the Act of Union (Republic of ireland) 1800 (c.38) every bit in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
• Text of the Crown of Ireland Deed 1542 as in strength today (including any amendments) within the United kingdom, from legislation.gov.u.k..
• Text of the Matrimony with Ireland Human activity 1800 (c.67) as in force today (including whatever amendments) within the Great britain, from legislation.gov.uk.

Secondary

• Ward, Alan J. The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Regime and Modern Ireland 1782–1992. Irish gaelic Academic Press, 1994.
• Lalor, Brian (ed). The Encyclopaedia of Ireland. Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, Ireland, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7171-3000-9, p7

Farther reading [edit]

• Kelly, James. "The origins of the act of wedlock: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800." Irish gaelic Historical Studies 25.99 (1987): 236–263.
• Keogh, Dáire, and Kevin Whelan, eds. Acts of Union: The causes, contexts, and consequences of the Human action of Union (Four Courts Printing 2001).
• McDowell, R. B. Republic of ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution, 1760-1801 (1991) pp 678–704.

External links [edit]

• Act of Matrimony Virtual Library from Queen's University Belfast
• Ireland - History - The Matrimony,1800/Ireland - Politics and government - 19th century index of documents digitised past Enhanced British Parliamentary Papers On Ireland
• Digital Reproduction of the Original Act (39&forty Geo. 3 c. 67) on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ The Northern Republic of ireland Loftier Court ruling is currently under entreatment ^[10]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800

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